Preheat the oven to 400°F and spread the sweet potato, cauliflower, red bell pepper, and onion on a large rimmed baking sheet.
Toss the vegetables with the oil and salt, then arrange them in a single layer with space between the pieces.
Roast the vegetables for 30 to 35 minutes, stirring once if needed, until the sweet potato and cauliflower are very tender.
While the vegetables roast, cook the elbow macaroni according to the package directions.
Reserve 1 cup of pasta cooking water, then drain the pasta and set it aside.
Transfer the roasted vegetables to a blender and add the milk, garlic powder, Dijon mustard, cornstarch, and shredded cheddar cheese.
Blend until the sauce is completely smooth, stopping to scrape down the sides as needed.
Pour the sauce into the pot used for the pasta and heat it over medium-low, stirring often until warmed through and slightly thickened.
Add the cooked pasta and toss until every piece is evenly coated.
Stir in the reserved pasta water a few tablespoons at a time until the sauce reaches the desired consistency.
Season with additional salt and black pepper to taste, then serve warm.